Sports First Responder Level 3 (VTQ)™
Course Content
- Course Introduction
- Human anatomy and physiology for immediate emergency care
- Assessment of casualties in immediate emergency care
- Basic airway management in emergency care
- Respiration and Breathing
- Postural Drainage
- Peak Flow
- Pocket Masks
- Pocket Mask with Oxygen
- Bag Valve Mask Equipment
- Using a BVM
- Respiratory Injuries Part Three
- Respiratory Injuries Part Four
- Choking Statistics
- Choking Recognition
- Adult Choking
- Choking in children
- Infant Choking
- Trauma from Choking
- Vulnerable People and Choking
- Basic life support and external defibrillation
- Adult CPR Introduction
- RCUK & ERC Resus Guidelines
- When to call for assistance
- Three Steps to Save a Life (2025)
- Cardiac Arrest and CPR Overview
- Adult CPR
- CPR Hand Over
- Compressions Only CPR
- Mouth to Stoma Ventilations
- Cardiac Arrest and Pregnancy
- Paediatric Airway
- Child CPR
- Adolescent CPR
- Infant CPR
- Infant Recovery Position
- Cardiac Arrest and the Drowned Patient
- Drowning
- SADS
- Effective CPR
- Improving compressions
- Improving breaths
- AED Introduction
- Types of AED Units
- AED Setup
- How to Use an AED
- Update on AED pad placement
- Using an AED on an adolescent
- Child AED
- Using an AED on an infant
- AED Maintenance
- AED Pads
- AED Batteries
- AED Troubleshooting
- AED Locations
- Community AED Units
- AED Post Resuscitation Procedures
- CPR Risks
- Advanced Decision and DNR CPR in Basic Life Support
- Recognition and Management of Life Extinct
- Post Resusitation Care
- Real time CPR scenario
- Management of medical conditions
- Support the emergency care of wounds, bleeding and burns
- The Pulse
- Capillary Refill
- The Healing Process
- Types of Bleed
- Serious Bleeding
- Ambulance Dressings
- Trauma and Standard Dressings
- Excessive Blood Loss
- Excessive Bleeding Control
- Blood Loss - A Practical Demonstration
- Embedded Objects
- Knife Wounds
- Using trauma dressings
- Amputation Treatment
- Blast Injuries
- Hemostatic Dressing or Tourniquet?
- Air Wrap Dressings
- RapidStop Tourniquet
- CAT Tourniquets
- SOFT-T tourniquet
- STAT Tourniquets
- citizenAID Tourni-Key Plus tourniquet
- Improvised Tourniquets
- Tourniquets and Where to Use Them
- Damage caused by tourniquets
- When Tourniquets Don't Work - Applying a Second
- Hemostatic Dressings
- Packing a Wound with Celox Z Fold Hemostatic Dressing
- Celox A
- Celox Granules
- Monitoring a Patient
- Coagulopathy
- Burns and burn kits
- Treating a burn
- Management of injuries
- Pelvic Injuries
- Spinal Injuries
- SAM Pelvic Sling
- Box Splints
- Spinal Injury
- Stabilising the spine
- Spinal Recovery Position
- Introduction to Spinal Boards
- The spinal board
- Using the Spinal Board
- The Scoop Stretcher
- Using the scoop stretcher
- Cervical collars
- Vertical C-Spine Immobilisation
- Joint examination
- Adult fractures
- Types of fracture
- Horizontal Slings
- Management of trauma
- Elevated Slings
- Lower limb immobilisation
- Elevation Techniques
- Helmet Removal
- Different Types of Helmets
- The Carry Chair
- Applying Plasters
- Strains and Sprains and the RICE procedure
- Instant Cold Packs
- Instant Heat Packs
- Eye Injuries
- Electrical Injuries
- Foreign objects in the eye, ears or nose
- Nose bleeds
- Bites and stings
- Chest Injuries
- Foxseal chest seals
- Abdominal Injuries
- Treating Snake Bites
- Types of head injury and consciousness
- Dislocated Shoulders and Joints
- Other Types of Injury
- Dental Injuries
- Recognition and management of anaphylaxis
- What is Anaphylaxis
- Living with Anaphylaxis
- Minor allergic reactions
- Common causes of allergic reactions
- What is an Auto-Injector?
- Jext®
- EpiPen®
- Storage and disposal
- Who prescribes auto injectors?
- Checking Auto Injector and Expiry Dates
- Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
- Giving a second dose
- Biphasic Anaphylactic Response
- Administration of oxygen therapy
- What are Medical Gasses
- Oxygen
- When Oxygen is Used
- Contra Indications Of Oxygen
- Hazards of using oxygen
- Hypoxia
- BOC Oxygen Kit
- The BOC Cylinder
- Storage Of Oxygen
- PIN INDEX cylinder
- Oxygen Regulators
- Standard oxygen cylinder
- Transport of Cylinders
- How long does an Oxygen cylinder last?
- Oxygen and Anaphylaxis
- Demand Valves and MTV's
- Non Rebreather Mask
- Nasal Cannula
- Medical gas storage
- Course Summary and your Practical Part
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Pelvic Injuries
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So let's take a look at pelvic injuries, how they happen and how we treat them. So what we've got here is a skeleton with the pelvis actually in situ in a car. The first thing to note is, when a patient gets involved in a crash, they tend to hit the clutch and the brake pedal, so they lock the legs in a straight line and that force that comes when the impact occurs travels up the legs in a straight line and the two hip joints either side of the pelvis get all of that initial impact and that pressure has to be dissipated somewhere. And the pelvis being a circle, most people refer to it like a polo mint, will always break in two places. If you drop a polo on the floor, it doesn't crack in one place, it will always break in two. The pelvis is the same. The first and weakest point is over the pubis. Actually, where the pelvis sits over the bladder, the pubic bone is the weakest point. It's the narrowest, thinnest, most delicate area and sitting right behind the pubis in the area here is your bladder. So one thing to remember is when we get pelvic injuries, we quite often also get bladder injuries. Pelvic injuries create the bladder problems, which can create septicaemia, peritonitis, inside the actual cavity itself, so we can get an infection, so we have to be extremely careful. Pelvic fractures also, because of the size of the bone and because of the complexity of the injury itself, do have quite a high fatality rate. And that is because of the complications that occur. If a pelvis is fractured, you won't walk, so you're bedridden and that gives you more risk of things like bed sores, pneumonia and everything else. It may need surgical repair so that puts you through the theatre process and hospital process and infection process. So don't think of a pelvic injury as something quite minor. Pelvis injuries are a major trauma and have to be dealt with properly and have to be dealt with swiftly to stop the particular injury getting much, much worse during the course of extrication. So, we've talked about it breaking over the pubis, the other areas it tends to break is through the joint itself to the right or left of the pubis bone and it sometimes actually shatters through the back as well where the spine joins the pelvis. It can break in multiple places, but it never breaks in just one. Because it's a big bone, it also bleeds very heavily and there is a large cavity area. So what we need to do to protect the pelvis is to support it, is to splint it or strap it to give the bone some stability so there's no flexibility in the pelvis at all. Flexibility and fragments of bone, if we move this casualty out of this car without stabilizing them first, can rupture the bladder, can rupture blood vessels, arterial bleeds, and can make the problem 10 times worse than it was when we arrived and that is not the idea to first aid. It's to get the patient out in exactly the same condition or better than when we found them, not make the situation worse. All car crashes can be different, all car crashes come with their own challenges, but you can see from the position you sit in the car, side impacts tend to hit the pelvis from the side with the inside of the door panel hitting the person's pelvis. Doesn't matter whether you're driving or passenger, the worst impact for pelvic injuries tends to be side impacts or t-bones as we refer to them or head on, straight in front with the driver. Rear impacts tend to not do so much damage to the pelvis, because most people have got the handbrake on and the feet off the pedal, so we haven't got that fixed rigid leg position creating the problem to the pelvis itself. But we also get an awful lot of pelvic injuries from horse riders, from mountain bikers, from road bikes, where they fall onto the road surface from a height or a high speed and the circle or the girdle of the pelvis then fractures due to the impact on a hard surface. So force from a height, a force from motorbikes will also create a high risk to the pelvis. Signs and symptoms of the pelvis fracture, first of all, it is incredibly painful. The pain is intense. The patient will tell you it is absolute agony in the pelvic region. Another sign can be a loss of fluids. So we can become incontinent due to the bladder being damaged or the loss of control of the bladder sphincter, so the patient becomes moist and wet. Another impact problem can happen with the legs and the presentation of the legs. Because the muscles attached that control your legs and the way your legs are, they attach to the pelvis itself, so the presentation of the feet is also a crucial thing to look for in pelvic injuries. The feet, when you relax normally, have the toes pointing up or the patient can at least move the legs into position. With a pelvic fracture, you lose control of your muscles in your legs, so almost certainly, the patient will not be able to move their lower limbs at all and the presentation of the feet is floppy and flat and there is no movement from them. So we get no spring from the toes. Normally, your toe, if you push it to the floor, will spring back due to muscle tension, but with pelvic fractures, the muscle is no longer attached to the pelvis, the pelvis has fallen open and you don't get the spring from the toes. Another thing is if you talk to the patient, they will tell you that it feels like the pelvis just fell open or like an open book. It's just literally fell open and they can feel it. So, intense pain, feet positioning, feeling like the pelvis has fallen open, also possible incontinence are all signs and symptoms of a fractured pelvis. And remember, the fractured pelvis is a life-threatening injury and needs to be dealt with properly before we extricate the patient from the car.
Pelvic Injuries: Understanding the Causes and Treatment
Introduction
Pelvic injuries can result from various incidents, and it's essential to understand how they occur and how to provide appropriate treatment.
Causes of Pelvic Injuries
During a crash, the force of impact often directs towards the pelvis, causing fractures. This force, typically transmitted from the legs through the hip joints, can lead to severe pelvic damage.
Pelvic Fracture Points
The pelvis tends to break at two main points:
- Over the Pubis: The weakest point, often resulting in bladder injuries.
- Through the Joint: Fractures may occur to the right or left of the pubic bone.
Symptoms of Pelvic Fractures
Signs of a pelvic fracture include:
- Intense Pain: Patients often describe severe agony in the pelvic region.
- Incontinence: Loss of bladder control due to bladder damage.
- Leg Presentation: Feet may appear floppy and flat, with no movement.
- Sensation of Pelvic Opening: Patients may feel as if their pelvis has "fallen open."
Treatment and Management
Pelvic injuries require immediate and careful attention to prevent further complications. Treatment measures include:
- Stabilization: Support and splint the pelvis to minimize movement and prevent additional damage.
- Extrication: Handle with caution during rescue operations to avoid exacerbating the injury.
- Medical Attention: Seek professional medical assistance promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Conclusion
Understanding the causes and symptoms of pelvic injuries is crucial for effective first aid and medical intervention. Prompt and appropriate action can help prevent severe complications and ensure better outcomes for patients.
- FPOS Extended unit 3 LO4.7
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